Lean tools in the context of industry 4.0: literature review, implementation and trends

With the evolution of Industry 4.0, some problems related to inefficient digitalization become clearer in organizations. To minimize these problems, implementation of the lean philosophy is needed in the digital environment. However, before Lean can start to solve the digitalization problems, there is a need to digitalize its tools so that they can comprehend the Industry 4.0 dynamics and become more effective. The aim of this study is to contribute to the theoretical development of Lean tools in the context of Industry 4.0, promoting directions for the industrial sector from the evolution, difficulties, benefits, implementation and trends of Lean 4.0 tools. To achieve this objective, this study performs a systematic literature review and content analysis of 53 papers from 35 journals. The main results of the research show: (i) the characterization of the Lean 4.0 tools; (ii) the evolution of the Lean tools after the integration with digital technologies; (iii) the main trends of Lean 4.0; (iv) the proposal of a Lean 4.0 theoretical framework. From these results, this paper seeks to promote insights for studies in the area of Lean 4.0, as well as for companies to implement and use the Lean 4.0 tools for better improvement in their digital processes and avoid the digital waste.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Perfil bacteriano, resistência antimicrobiana e infecções secundárias em pacientes com Covid-19: revisão integrativa

Introdução: Os pacientes acometidos pela COVID-19estão suscetíveis a infecções bacterianas secundárias com consequente impacto clínico e óbitos. Objetivo: Analisar na literatura o perfil bacteriano, resistência antimicrobiana e as principais infecções secundárias ocorridas em pacientes adultos com COVID-19. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada em março de 2021 nas bases de dados LILACS, BDENF, IBECS e MEDLINE via portal da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, incluindo publicações originais e relatos de casos disponíveis nos idiomas português, inglês ou espanhol. Resultados: Dos 162 artigos encontrados, 18 foram incluídos na pesquisa. Destes, 10 (55,6%) encontraram resistência aos antimicrobianos em Staphylococcus aureus e Klebsiella pneumoniae. Foram isoladas 11 e 10 espécies de bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas, respectivamente. Ao total, 550 infecções secundárias foram identificadas, com destaque para as  respiratórias apontadas em 11 artigos (61,1%), seguidas das hematológicas em sete produções (38,9%). Conclusão: Observa-se que pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 estão vulneráveis à ocorrência de infecções secundárias e colonização por bactérias multirresistentes, com destaque para aureus e pneumoniae

Doença de Hungtinton, herança autossômica dominante

Herança que necessita somente de um gene mutado para o desenvolvimento da doença, como por exemplo a Coreia de Huntington, uma doença neurodegenerativa acarretada por uma mutação do gene huntintina localizado no cromossomo 4. Neste trabalho foi realizado uma peça teatral exemplificando um caso clínico de um portador da doença de Huntington

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field